United States Code · Section
§ 1681 — Sex
20 U.S.C. § 1681
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(a) No person in the United States shall, on the basis of sex, be excluded from participation in, be denied the benefits of, or be subjected to discrimination under any education program or activity receiving Federal financial assistance, except that:
(1) in regard to admissions to educational institutions, this section shall apply only to institutions of vocational education, professional education, and graduate higher education, and to public institutions of undergraduate higher education;
(2) in regard to admissions to educational institutions, this section shall not apply (A) for one year from June 23, 1972, nor for six years after June 23, 1972, in the case of an educational institution which has begun the process of changing from being an institution which admits only students of one sex to being an institution which admits students of both sexes, but only if it is carrying out a plan for such a change which is approved by the Secretary of Education or (B) for seven years from the date an educational institution begins the process of changing from being an institution which admits only students of only one sex to being an institution which admits students of both sexes, but only if it is carrying out a plan for such a change which is approved by the Secretary of Education, whichever is the later;
(3) this section shall not apply to an educational institution which is controlled by a religious organization if the application of this subsection would not be consistent with the religious tenets of such organization;
(4) this section shall not apply to an educational institution whose primary purpose is the training of individuals for the military services of the United States, or the merchant marine;
(5) in regard to admissions this section shall not apply to any public institution of undergraduate higher education which is an institution that traditionally and continually from its establishment has had a policy of admitting only students of one sex;
(6) this section shall not apply to membership practices—
(A) of a social fraternity or social sorority which is exempt from taxation under section 501(a) of title 26, the active membership of which consists primarily of students in attendance at an institution of higher education, or
(B) of the Young Men’s Christian Association, Young Women’s Christian Association, Girl Scouts, Boy Scouts, Camp Fire Girls, and voluntary youth service organizations which are so exempt, the membership of which has traditionally been limited to persons of one sex and principally to persons of less than nineteen years of age;
(7) this section shall not apply to—
(A) any program or activity of the American Legion undertaken in connection with the organization or operation of any Boys State conference, Boys Nation conference, Girls State conference, or Girls Nation conference; or
(B) any program or activity of any secondary school or educational institution specifically for—
(i) the promotion of any Boys State conference, Boys Nation conference, Girls State conference, or Girls Nation conference; or
(ii) the selection of students to attend any such conference;
(8) this section shall not preclude father-son or mother-daughter activities at an educational institution, but if such activities are provided for students of one sex, opportunities for reasonably comparable activities shall be provided for students of the other sex; and
(9) this section shall not apply with respect to any scholarship or other financial assistance awarded by an institution of higher education to any individual because such individual has received such award in any pageant in which the attainment of such award is based upon a combination of factors related to the personal appearance, poise, and talent of such individual and in which participation is limited to individuals of one sex only, so long as such pageant is in compliance with other nondiscrimination provisions of Federal law.
(b) Nothing contained in subsection (a) of this section shall be interpreted to require any educational institution to grant preferential or disparate treatment to the members of one sex on account of an imbalance which may exist with respect to the total number or percentage of persons of that sex participating in or receiving the benefits of any federally supported program or activity, in comparison with the total number or percentage of persons of that sex in any community, State, section, or other area: Provided, That this subsection shall not be construed to prevent the consideration in any hearing or proceeding under this chapter of statistical evidence tending to show that such an imbalance exists with respect to the participation in, or receipt of the benefits of, any such program or activity by the members of one sex.
(c) For purposes of this chapter an educational institution means any public or private preschool, elementary, or secondary school, or any institution of vocational, professional, or higher education, except that in the case of an educational institution composed of more than one school, college, or department which are administratively separate units, such term means each such school, college, or department.
Implementing Regulations
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§ 17.105 Definitions.6 C.F.R. § 17.105
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§ 5.105 Definitions.10 C.F.R. § 5.105
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§ 17.100 Purpose and effective date.6 C.F.R. § 17.100
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§ 5.235 Statutory amendments.10 C.F.R. § 5.235
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§ 17.235 Statutory amendments.6 C.F.R. § 17.235
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§ 8a.105 Definitions.15 C.F.R. § 8a.105
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§ 8a.235 Statutory amendments.15 C.F.R. § 8a.235
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§ 8a.100 Purpose and effective date.15 C.F.R. § 8a.100
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§ 0.51 Leadership and coordination of nondiscrimination laws.28 C.F.R. § 0.51
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§ 5.100 Purpose and effective date.10 C.F.R. § 5.100
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§ 1317.235 Statutory amendments.18 C.F.R. § 1317.235
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§ 1042.105 Definitions.10 C.F.R. § 1042.105
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§ 1042.235 Statutory amendments.10 C.F.R. § 1042.235
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§ 1042.100 Purpose and effective date.10 C.F.R. § 1042.100
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§ 1317.105 Definitions.18 C.F.R. § 1317.105
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§ 1317.100 Purpose and effective date.18 C.F.R. § 1317.100
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§ 21.53 Final decision of the CRRA.34 C.F.R. § 21.53
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§ 146.235 Statutory amendments.22 C.F.R. § 146.235
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§ 146.100 Purpose and effective date.22 C.F.R. § 146.100
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§ 146.105 Definitions.22 C.F.R. § 146.105
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§ 229.235 Statutory amendments.22 C.F.R. § 229.235
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§ 229.100 Purpose and effective date.22 C.F.R. § 229.100
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§ 229.105 Definitions.22 C.F.R. § 229.105
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§ 3.100 Purpose and effective date.24 C.F.R. § 3.100
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§ 3.105 Definitions.24 C.F.R. § 3.105
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§ 3.235 Statutory amendments.24 C.F.R. § 3.235
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§ 42.613 Definitions.28 C.F.R. § 42.613
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§ 54.105 Definitions.28 C.F.R. § 54.105
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§ 42.201 Purpose and application.28 C.F.R. § 42.201
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§ 54.235 Statutory amendments.28 C.F.R. § 54.235
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§ 54.100 Purpose and effective date.28 C.F.R. § 54.100
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§ 196.100 Purpose and effective date.32 C.F.R. § 196.100
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§ 196.235 Statutory amendments.32 C.F.R. § 196.235
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§ 196.105 Definitions.32 C.F.R. § 196.105
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§ 273.8 Donations, loans, and exchanges.32 C.F.R. § 273.8
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§ 36.105 Definitions.29 C.F.R. § 36.105
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§ 36.235 Statutory amendments.29 C.F.R. § 36.235
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§ 38.3 Effect on other obligations.29 C.F.R. § 38.3
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§ 36.100 Purpose and effective date.29 C.F.R. § 36.100
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§ 1691.13 Definitions.29 C.F.R. § 1691.13
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§ 28.105 Definitions.31 C.F.R. § 28.105
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§ 28.100 Purpose and effective date.31 C.F.R. § 28.100
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§ 28.235 Statutory amendments.31 C.F.R. § 28.235
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§ 106.12 Educational institutions controlled by religious organizations.34 C.F.R. § 106.12
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§ 21.10 Adversary adjudications covered by the Act.34 C.F.R. § 21.10
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§ 106.2 Definitions.34 C.F.R. § 106.2
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§ 106.31 Education programs or activities.34 C.F.R. § 106.31
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§ 1211.100 Purpose and effective date.36 C.F.R. § 1211.100
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§ 1211.235 Statutory amendments.36 C.F.R. § 1211.235
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§ 1211.105 Definitions.36 C.F.R. § 1211.105
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§ 86.18 Amendments to conform to statutory exemptions.45 C.F.R. § 86.18
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§ 101-4.105 Definitions.41 C.F.R. § 101-4.105
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§ 41.105 Definitions.43 C.F.R. § 41.105
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§ 101-4.235 Statutory amendments.41 C.F.R. § 101-4.235
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§ 19.100 Purpose and effective date.44 C.F.R. § 19.100
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§ 19.105 Definitions.44 C.F.R. § 19.105
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§ 101-4.100 Purpose and effective date.41 C.F.R. § 101-4.100
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§ 19.235 Statutory amendments.44 C.F.R. § 19.235
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§ 41.235 Statutory amendments.43 C.F.R. § 41.235
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§ 124.9 Nondiscrimination.42 C.F.R. § 124.9
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§ 41.100 Purpose and effective date.43 C.F.R. § 41.100
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§ 86.17 Nondiscrimination.42 C.F.R. § 86.17
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§ 86.2 Definitions.45 C.F.R. § 86.2
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§ 92.4 Definitions.45 C.F.R. § 92.4
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§ 618.235 Statutory amendments.45 C.F.R. § 618.235
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§ 618.105 Definitions.45 C.F.R. § 618.105
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§ 618.100 Purpose and effective date.45 C.F.R. § 618.100
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§ 2555.235 Statutory amendments.45 C.F.R. § 2555.235
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§ 2555.100 Purpose and effective date.45 C.F.R. § 2555.100
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§ 2555.105 Definitions.45 C.F.R. § 2555.105
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§ 2556.170 What nondiscrimination requirements apply to sponsors and subrecipients?45 C.F.R. § 2556.170
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§ 12.3 What other regulations apply to this program?34 C.F.R. § 12.3
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§ 21.40 Filing and service of documents.34 C.F.R. § 21.40
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§ 5.100 Purpose and effective date.40 C.F.R. § 5.100
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§ 302.20 Civil rights.13 C.F.R. § 302.20
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§ 5.105 Definitions.40 C.F.R. § 5.105
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§ 25.100 Purpose and effective date.49 C.F.R. § 25.100
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§ 25.105 Definitions.49 C.F.R. § 25.105
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§ 25.235 Statutory amendments.49 C.F.R. § 25.235
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§ 5.235 Statutory amendments.40 C.F.R. § 5.235
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§ 23.235 Statutory amendments.38 C.F.R. § 23.235
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§ 23.100 Purpose and effective date.38 C.F.R. § 23.100
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§ 23.105 Definitions.38 C.F.R. § 23.105
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§ 1253.100 Purpose and effective date.14 C.F.R. § 1253.100
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§ 1253.235 Statutory amendments.14 C.F.R. § 1253.235
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§ 1253.105 Definitions.14 C.F.R. § 1253.105
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§ 2.25 Assistant Secretary for Civil Rights.7 C.F.R. § 2.25
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§ 15a.100 Purpose.7 C.F.R. § 15a.100
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§ 15a.105 Definitions.7 C.F.R. § 15a.105
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§ 272.2 Plan of operation.7 C.F.R. § 272.2
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§ 15a.235 Statutory amendments.7 C.F.R. § 15a.235
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§ 247.37 Civil rights requirements.7 C.F.R. § 247.37
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§ 86.22 Preference in admission.45 C.F.R. § 86.22
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§ 86.60 Pre-employment inquiries.45 C.F.R. § 86.60
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§ 86.38 Employment assistance to students.45 C.F.R. § 86.38
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§ 86.14 Membership practices of certain organizations.45 C.F.R. § 86.14
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§ 21.4258 Notice of approval.38 C.F.R. § 21.4258
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§ 86.7 Effect of employment opportunities.45 C.F.R. § 86.7
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§ 86.36 Counseling and use of appraisal and counseling materials.45 C.F.R. § 86.36
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§ 86.1 Purpose and effective date.45 C.F.R. § 86.1
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§ 86.61 Sex as a bona-fide occupational qualification.45 C.F.R. § 86.61
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§ 86.31 Education programs or activities.45 C.F.R. § 86.31
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§ 86.17 Transition plans.45 C.F.R. § 86.17
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§ 86.6 Effect of other requirements.45 C.F.R. § 86.6
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§ 86.39 Health and insurance benefits and services.45 C.F.R. § 86.39
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§ 86.21 Admission.45 C.F.R. § 86.21
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§ 86.51 Employment.45 C.F.R. § 86.51
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§ 86.59 Advertising.45 C.F.R. § 86.59
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§ 86.42 Textbooks and curricular material.45 C.F.R. § 86.42
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§ 86.55 Job classification and structure.45 C.F.R. § 86.55
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§ 86.9 Dissemination of policy.45 C.F.R. § 86.9
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§ 86.41 Athletics.45 C.F.R. § 86.41
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§ 86.54 Compensation.45 C.F.R. § 86.54
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§ 86.40 Marital or parental status.45 C.F.R. § 86.40
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§ 86.3 Remedial and affirmative action and self-evaluation.45 C.F.R. § 86.3
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§ 86.56 Fringe benefits.45 C.F.R. § 86.56
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§ 86.53 Recruitment.45 C.F.R. § 86.53
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§ 86.5 Transfers of property.45 C.F.R. § 86.5
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§ 86.15 Admissions.45 C.F.R. § 86.15
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§ 86.23 Recruitment.45 C.F.R. § 86.23
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§ 86.11 Application.45 C.F.R. § 86.11
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§ 86.16 Educational institutions eligible to submit transition plans.45 C.F.R. § 86.16
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§ 86.12 Educational institutions controlled by religious organizations.45 C.F.R. § 86.12
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§ 86.52 Employment criteria.45 C.F.R. § 86.52
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§ 86.35 Access to schools operated by L.E.A.s.45 C.F.R. § 86.35
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§ 86.13 Military and merchant marine educational institutions.45 C.F.R. § 86.13
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§ 86.37 Financial assistance.45 C.F.R. § 86.37
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§ 86.32 Housing.45 C.F.R. § 86.32
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§ 86.4 Assurance required.45 C.F.R. § 86.4
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§ 86.34 Access to course offerings.45 C.F.R. § 86.34
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§ 86.58 Effect of State or local law or other requirements.45 C.F.R. § 86.58
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§ 86.57 Marital or parental status.45 C.F.R. § 86.57
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§ 0.51 Leadership and coordination of nondiscrimination laws.28 C.F.R. § 0.51
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§ 113.100 Purpose and effective date.13 C.F.R. § 113.100
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§ 113.235 Statutory amendments.13 C.F.R. § 113.235
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§ 113.105 Definitions.13 C.F.R. § 113.105